自考英語(二)應(yīng)試技巧-詞形變化

　　1.熟練掌握動(dòng)詞詞形變化規(guī)律。注意：動(dòng)詞形式既包括謂語動(dòng)詞的各種形式，如時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)及語氣(直陳、虛擬)等，虛擬語氣為重點(diǎn)，幾年來的考題中都有這方面內(nèi)容；也包括非謂語動(dòng)詞的各種形式。所以做動(dòng)詞的詞形變化時(shí)，首先要搞清楚它在句中是謂語動(dòng)詞還是非謂語動(dòng)詞，然后再作相應(yīng)的變化。

　　2.認(rèn)真學(xué)好并熟悉課文。本題所選用的句子是根據(jù)教材中出現(xiàn)的句子編寫的，其中多數(shù)來自課文，所以熟悉教材十分重要。

　　3.認(rèn)真鉆研相關(guān)的語法講解。主要指謂語動(dòng)詞、非謂語動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞比較等級、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、虛擬語氣\形容詞比較級、最高級，等部分。

　　動(dòng)詞：動(dòng)詞是考試的重點(diǎn)。主要包括：動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣和非謂語動(dòng)詞。

　　1)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：重點(diǎn)是動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)、完成時(shí)。

　　So far， Irving ______(live) in New York City for ten years. has lived

　　Many a writer of newspaper articles_______(trun) to writing novels during the past decade. has turned

　　Some people think relations between people _______(deteriorate) so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible . have deteriorated

　　Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what _______(happen) to her.

　　had happened

　　In the past two decades， research _____(expand) our knowledge about sleep and dreams . has expanded

　　2)動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)：主要掌握各個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)式。

　　The nations that _______actively ________(involve) in earthquake prediction programs include Japan， Russia， and the United States. are involved

　　There __________(estimate) to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Brtain in 1995. were estimated

　　3)動(dòng)詞的語氣：

　　A.掌握非真實(shí)條件句中，謂語動(dòng)詞在主句和條件句中的虛擬語氣形式。

　　If you had come earlier， you ______ (not miss) the first act of the play.

　　would not have missed

　　If it hadn‘t been for your help， we _____(be) in real trouble.

　　would have been

B.在表示建議、命令、要求以及表示“重要性”和“緊迫性”等含義的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語氣，由“動(dòng)詞原形”或“should + 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。 should 常常省略

　　I would recommend that you _______(think) about doing something similar for yourself. (should) think

　　It was imperative that students ______(finish) their papers before July 1st.

　　(should) finish

　　C.動(dòng)詞wish 、would rather (sooner)、if only、as if 后的虛擬語氣。

　　I would rather he _____(buy) the house next year.

　　bought ( 表示從句中動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生)

　　She treats me as if I ______ (be) a stranger. were

　　The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we _____( meet) them before.

　　had met

　　If only we ______(have) a phone！ I‘m tired of waiting outside the public phone box.

　　D.in case ， for fear that ， lest 等詞后從句的謂語動(dòng)詞為(should) + 原形。

　　He took his umbrella with him lest it _______ (rain.)

　　(should) rain

　　E.在It is (high) time that 從句中謂語動(dòng)詞一般用過去時(shí)動(dòng)詞。

　　It‘s high time that we _______(take) firm measures to protect our environment. took

　　F.時(shí)間錯(cuò)綜條件句，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)表示的時(shí)間調(diào)整。

　　如果我們早動(dòng)身，現(xiàn)在就不會在雨中走了。

　　If we had set out earlier，we wouldn‘t be walking in the rain.

　　(從句中動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，主句中動(dòng)作發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在。)

　　4)動(dòng)詞的非謂語動(dòng)詞形式：

　　A.動(dòng)詞不定式：主要考查動(dòng)詞不定式作定語、賓語、賓語或主語補(bǔ)足語等的用法。還要注意動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式與完成式。

　　不定式作定語：If there is no choice， there is no decision ______(make) to be made

不定式作賓語： Robots ， already taking over human tasks in the automotive field， are beginning ________(see) . to be seen

　　不定式作賓補(bǔ) I notice him _______( leave ) the classroom. leave (可省略to)

　　不定式作主補(bǔ)：They were often compelled ______(work) twelve or fourteen hours a day.

　　to work( 不可省略to)

　　We make them (to) work day and night. 不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語，在有些動(dòng)詞后可以省略TO

　　They are made to work day and night. 不定式作主語補(bǔ)語時(shí)，不可省略TO

　　B.分詞：主要考查分詞作定語、狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語的用法。注意現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別。 另外，還有現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式與完成式的形式。

　　分詞作定語：Anyone ______(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. wanting

　　As research techniques become more advanced， the number of animals _____(use) in experiments may decrease. used

　　分詞作狀語： When ______(present) with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems. presented

　　________ (tell) that some guests were coming ， she shopped all morning in the supermarket. Having been told

　　Her body， with hands and feet _______(bind) ， was discovered by a traveler early in the morning. bound

　　分詞做賓補(bǔ)： They may have their passports ______(remove) ， making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible. removed

　　動(dòng)名詞作賓語：If you cannot understand ， ask： “ Would you mind ______(rephrase) the question ， please ？” rephrasing

　　If we don‘t start out now， we must risk ______(miss) the train.

　　missing

　　形容詞副詞：

　　The more time you waste， the _____(easy) it is to continue wasting time.easier

　　As Jane was the _____(old) ， she looked after the other children in the family. eldest

　　詞性轉(zhuǎn)換：

　　The explorers were puzzled over what to do next because they were in a _____(trick)situation .

　　trick是名詞或動(dòng)詞，應(yīng)把它變?yōu)樾稳菰~tricky

　　These electric appliances are all similar in construction but each one is _____(specialize) in its function.

　　specialize 是動(dòng)詞，應(yīng)把它變?yōu)樾稳菰~ specific或 special

　　漢譯英(Translation from Chinese into English) 應(yīng)試技巧

　　1.事先籌劃，再來做題

　　在翻譯每一個(gè)句子時(shí)，一定要事先籌劃：先要想好譯成什么樣的英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)，是簡單句還是復(fù)合句，或者是強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句。如果選用了復(fù)合句，那么要明確哪部分是主句，從句采用的形式，是定語從句、狀語從句還是其他的從句。在一個(gè)句子內(nèi)，主語是什么，謂語用什么時(shí)態(tài)，是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，要不要虛擬語氣，這些都要事先籌劃好。然后動(dòng)筆進(jìn)行翻譯。遣詞造句過程中，要格外注意一些細(xì)節(jié)問題：1)仔細(xì)斟酌、選用最能確切表達(dá)原文意思的英文單詞或詞組；2)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，動(dòng)詞的不規(guī)則變化，主謂語的一致性：3)單詞的拼寫，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號，大小寫，冠詞的使用等。任何一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)注意不到都可能出錯(cuò)丟分。

　　2.靈活處理，提高把握

　　在翻譯過程中，有時(shí)可能碰到一些英語單詞不會寫，這時(shí)千萬不能灰心喪氣，甚至放棄整個(gè)句子。這時(shí)可以尋找意思相近而自己熟悉的詞或詞組來代替。最好不要把那個(gè)詞空著，更不要用漢字去替代。

　　對句子的結(jié)構(gòu)同樣也可以靈活處理，有些沒把握的結(jié)構(gòu)，可以用比較有把握的結(jié)構(gòu)來代替。例如，復(fù)合句沒有把握，可以用兩個(gè)簡單句來表示；分詞做狀語沒有把握，可以用狀語從句來代替等等。比如：這個(gè)由10人組成的委員會一致支持這一決定。

　　The panel/committee/board consisting of /

　　which was composed of

　　which was made up of

　　which consist of

　　10 members supported the decision with one voice /all supported the decision .

　　3.注意書寫和卷面整潔

　　這個(gè)問題本來可以不提，但常常被考生忽略。有的考生在考試中信手寫來，一些不良的書寫習(xí)慣也帶了進(jìn)來，例如“r”“V”，不分，“i” “l(fā)”，不分……，有的常常遺忘標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號，從而造成不必要的丟分。

　　在對此題進(jìn)行備考復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)，首先對以往做過的“漢譯英”作業(yè)進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)，特別是作業(yè)中的錯(cuò)誤之處，要進(jìn)行思考，以求提高水平和技巧。

　　其余的，則可和總復(fù)習(xí)一起進(jìn)行，如語法復(fù)習(xí)、課文復(fù)習(xí)、單詞復(fù)習(xí)等。但在復(fù)習(xí)過程中，對一些重點(diǎn)句、重點(diǎn)語法現(xiàn)象，除了記憶之外也要往“漢譯英‘這方面想一想，自己給自己提問題：若要考漢譯英，這部分可能出什么類型題？這樣就會印象更深。

　　從最近幾年的考試情況來看，漢譯英主要包括定語從句、形容詞或副詞的比較級、被動(dòng)語態(tài)、 虛擬語氣、it作形式主語或形式賓語、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型等。當(dāng)然，漢譯英的目的是將漢語的句意用規(guī)范的英語表達(dá)出來，用什么語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞語是手段問題，只要譯文的句意與原文一致，不出現(xiàn)重大的語法錯(cuò)誤，拼寫正確，就符合翻譯的要求。