職稱英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)精講之虛擬語(yǔ)氣
虛擬語(yǔ)氣
一. 概述
英語(yǔ)有三種語(yǔ)氣:陳述語(yǔ)氣、祈使語(yǔ)氣和虛擬語(yǔ)氣。對(duì)前兩種語(yǔ)氣,學(xué)生似乎比較熟悉,而對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣似乎感到比較難掌握。造成這種情況的主要原因,一是對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣有誤解,認(rèn)為虛擬語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)的內(nèi)容都是假的;二是將虛擬語(yǔ)氣放在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法過(guò)高的地位上,原因之一是語(yǔ)法考試經(jīng)??继摂M語(yǔ)氣,如2000年A卷20道語(yǔ)法題中有5道是虛擬語(yǔ)氣的語(yǔ)法范疇;三是英語(yǔ)中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的表達(dá)形式比較特殊。
其實(shí),虛擬語(yǔ)氣有兩大類(lèi)用法:
1. 在對(duì)"他人"作命令、推薦、建議、勸慰、說(shuō)服時(shí)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式表達(dá),表示語(yǔ)氣的客氣或婉轉(zhuǎn),如:
I would like you to answer this question. (我想請(qǐng)你來(lái)回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。)
這里的would like to (想),就是虛擬語(yǔ)氣,相當(dāng)于want to:
口語(yǔ)中常用的句型,象:
Would you mind my smoking here?(我在這里抽煙你不介意吧?)
It might a good idea to wait and see.(觀望或許是個(gè)好主意。)
Could you tell me where the post office is?(能告訴我郵局怎么走嗎?)
You'd better bring an umbrella with you; it's thundering. (你最好帶上雨傘;天在打雷。)
I'd rather stay at home in such bad weather.(這種惡劣天氣我寧可呆在家里。)
等句子都屬于虛擬語(yǔ)氣的范疇,注意這里的動(dòng)詞都采用了"過(guò)去時(shí)"的形式。
2. 表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反或(幾乎)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事,這可能就是一般人概念中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,如:
If only there had been a doctor at the moment. (當(dāng)時(shí)有個(gè)醫(yī)生就好了。- 實(shí)際情況是當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)有醫(yī)生)
二. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句型分類(lèi)和用法
虛擬語(yǔ)氣可以粗略地分為兩大類(lèi):
第一類(lèi):should 型虛擬式 第二類(lèi):were 型虛擬式
1.should 型虛擬式:should + 原形動(dòng)詞(往往省去should, 特別是在考試時(shí))
這類(lèi)虛擬式最多用在以下詞或句型中:
(1) It is necessary that…的主語(yǔ)從句中,如:
It is necessary that the chief should be present personally at the meeting.(主任有必要親自參加這次會(huì)議。)
只要看到"necessary",馬上要想到這是"should型"虛擬式。
記住下面構(gòu)成"should型"虛擬式的詞:
essential (必要的) / important(重要的) / necessary(必要的) / imperative(迫切的)/ impossible(不可能的)/ natural(自然的)/ preferable(更好的)/ advisable(合理的)/ desirable(理想的)/ urgent(緊迫的)/ incredible(難以想象的)
(2) order (命令) / recommend(推薦)/ suggest(建議)/ demand(要求) / command(命令)/ propose(建議)/ require(要求)/ request(請(qǐng)求) / insist(堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為)/ urge(主張) / advise(勸告)/ ask(要求)/ prefer(寧愿)/ desire(愿望)/ move(提議)/ vote(提議)
由這些詞構(gòu)成的賓語(yǔ)從句,主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句或其他有關(guān)句型時(shí),都要使用"should型"虛擬式,例如:
It was ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once. (主語(yǔ)從句)
The order was that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(表語(yǔ)從句)
The chief ordered that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once.(賓語(yǔ)從句)
The order that the medicines (should) be sent there by plane at once was sent to the branch office.(同位語(yǔ)從句)
(3) 在 in case / lest = for fear that(以免… / 以防…)結(jié)構(gòu)中,例如:
He took a raincoat with him in case it should rain (或用真實(shí)語(yǔ)氣:…in case it rained)
She put a wool blanket over the child for fear that (lest) he should catch a cold. (她把一條毛毯蓋在孩子身上,以防他感冒。)
可見(jiàn),此類(lèi)虛擬語(yǔ)氣比較容易接受,考試時(shí)只要認(rèn)準(zhǔn)了上面的那些字一般就不難作出準(zhǔn)確選擇。
就解題而言,考生要注意:1)A的位置往往安排干擾項(xiàng),如使用must, may, might, could等類(lèi)詞進(jìn)行干擾;2)句中往往省去should, 直接用否定詞not + 原形動(dòng)詞的形式,以"迷惑"考生,例如:
The housemaster(男舍監(jiān))was very strict.He asked that we ______ television on week nights.
A. must not watch
B. not watch
C. should not have watched
2.were型虛擬式:
所謂were型虛擬式,就是借用行為動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)的某個(gè)形式以及be動(dòng)詞的"were"這個(gè)形式來(lái)表達(dá)某種虛擬的語(yǔ)氣。
由于were型虛擬式主要用在if非真實(shí)條件句中,而且它是其他were型虛擬式句型的基礎(chǔ),所以我們先要搞清楚if非真實(shí)條件句。
(1) if非真實(shí)條件句:
條件句分為真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句:
真實(shí)條件句是指真實(shí)的或可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的條件句,例如:If we work together, we are sure to finish the task in time. (如果我們大家一起努力,就一定能按時(shí)完成任務(wù)),動(dòng)詞使用的是真實(shí)的時(shí)態(tài)和形式。
非真實(shí)條件句是指對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的事情,或?qū)Σ豢赡馨l(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的事進(jìn)行假設(shè),例如:"如果當(dāng)時(shí)有醫(yī)生在,這個(gè)孩子就有可能得救了",顯然,這是對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情的一種假設(shè),該句的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)為:If there had been a doctor available, the child might have been saved.
為了便于理解和記憶,我們用表格形式加以歸納:
時(shí)間動(dòng)詞形式舉例
過(guò)去if條件句:had done / had been
結(jié)果句:would have done / been If there had been a doctor available, the child might have been saved.
倒裝:Had there been a doctor available, the child might have been saved
現(xiàn)在if條件句:did / be動(dòng)詞用were
結(jié)果句: would do (be) If I were you, I would accept his offer. (如果我是你的話,我就接受他的提議。)
倒裝:Were I you, I would accept his offer.
If I knew the fact, I would tell you. (我要是知道,我就會(huì)告訴你)
不可以倒裝
將來(lái)if條件句:
should do (be) / were to
結(jié)果句:would do (be) If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. (一旦明天下雨,我們就呆在家里。)
倒裝:Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
If he were to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem. (要是他晚上會(huì)來(lái),我就請(qǐng)他幫助解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。)
倒裝:Were he to come this evening, I would ask him to help solve the problem.
這里關(guān)鍵是要掌握好兩點(diǎn):
(A) 虛擬行為或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的時(shí)間:過(guò)去?現(xiàn)在?還是將來(lái)?
(B) 采用了什么相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞形式?
補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明:
(A) 當(dāng) "if "省略后,要采用倒裝形式,如舉例所示;
(B) 如果所說(shuō)的條件是永遠(yuǎn)不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的。如"如果我是你的話"(我永遠(yuǎn)不可能變?yōu)槟?,即使是對(duì)過(guò)去的假設(shè),也用"現(xiàn)在"虛擬式表示,例如:
If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (要是換了我,我就采納他的意見(jiàn)了。)
(C) 結(jié)果句中的would 可以根據(jù)內(nèi)容需要,使用might, could或should,例如:If she had known that you were there, she might have come.(要是她知道你在哪兒,她或許會(huì)來(lái)的。)但是"將來(lái)"虛擬式條件句中的should是將來(lái)時(shí)的"標(biāo)志詞",不能用would代替,不要搞錯(cuò)了。
(D) 關(guān)于含蓄虛擬式:含蓄虛擬式是指虛擬的條件用一種比較含蓄的方式加以表達(dá)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,如:"我昨天很忙,要不就來(lái)參加你的生日派對(duì)了".其中的"我很忙"是真實(shí)情況,"要不就來(lái)參加你的生日派對(duì)了"則是虛擬的:I was very busy yesterday, or I would have come to your birthday party.
所以,注意句子中出現(xiàn)的:but, or(否則), otherwise(否則), without(要不是),with(要是有),but that(要不是), but for(要不是), if it were not for / 過(guò)去:if it had not been for(要不是 ) 等用來(lái)引出含蓄虛擬式的詞或短語(yǔ),例如:But for (或without) your cooperation, we would not have completed the experiment so smoothly.(要不是你們的合作,我們不可能那樣順利地完成這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。)
D. not be watching
該題中的"ask"意為"要求",故是個(gè)"should型"虛擬式, 正確答案為B.
(4)在it is surprising, disappointing, a pity, a shame, no wonder, simply a miracle + 從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中,表示驚訝、高興或遺憾,例如:
It is surprising that she should look so miserable. (真是奇怪,她竟看上去如此不高興。)
It is a great pity that you should miss such a good film. (你要是錯(cuò)過(guò)了這樣好的電影那真是遺憾。)
(2) were型虛擬式的其他用法 (同樣要遵守"過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在、將來(lái)"的虛擬規(guī)則):
●wish賓語(yǔ)從句:
I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.(真希望他不要把那事搞大了。- 過(guò)去)
I wish that I were a doctor. (我希望我是個(gè)醫(yī)生就好了。- 現(xiàn)在)
(注:這個(gè)句型中也可以用I wish that I was a doctor.)
I wish that the rain would stop. (真希望雨能停下來(lái)。將來(lái))
●If only…(要是…就好了)
If only you hadn't offended him. (你當(dāng)時(shí)不惹他就好了。- 過(guò)去)
If only I had some money on hand now. (我現(xiàn)在手頭有些錢(qián)就好了。-現(xiàn)在)
If only he could come tomorrow. (他明天能來(lái)有多好啊。-將來(lái))
●It is (about / high) time that….(是…的時(shí)候了)
由于該句型只能用在"現(xiàn)在"時(shí)間,所以從句的動(dòng)詞只能是"過(guò)去時(shí)"形式,例如:
It is high time (that) we began to work. (咱們?cè)撻_(kāi)始工作了。)
●As if (though)…(似乎…)
這個(gè)句型可以是陳述語(yǔ)氣,也可以是虛擬語(yǔ)氣。虛擬語(yǔ)氣的時(shí)態(tài)變化原則與"wish"用法相同,例如:
She loves the children in the kindergarten as if they were her own. (她象自己孩子一樣熱愛(ài)幼兒園的孩子門(mén)。 - 現(xiàn)在)
He talked about China as if he had been there. (他談起中國(guó)來(lái)好象去過(guò)那里。)
It looks as if it is going to rain.(看來(lái)天要下雨。- 陳述語(yǔ)氣)
●Would (had) rather, would just as soon, would sooner, would prefer + 從句結(jié)構(gòu)
這幾個(gè)句型都表示一種"婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備",中文常有"還不如…","寧可…""倒希望…"等意思,例如:
I'd rather she stayed at home in such a bad health condition. (她身體這么差,我倒希望你呆在家里。- 現(xiàn)在)
I would just as soon you had returned him the money yesterday. (你還不如昨天就把錢(qián)還給他了。- 過(guò)去)
I would prefer he didn't stay there too long. (我倒不希望他不要在那兒呆得時(shí)間太長(zhǎng)。)
比較:
I would prefer that she act the young lady. (我倒認(rèn)為她演哪個(gè)年輕女子比較合適。- 表示建議,用 "should型虛擬式")
做虛擬語(yǔ)氣的題目,歸納起來(lái)就是兩句話:
一是,看清是什么形式的虛擬式,"should型"還是 "were型"?
二是,如果是were型虛擬式,看清句中所給的時(shí)態(tài):"過(guò)去"、"現(xiàn)在"、"將來(lái)"?
這里的關(guān)鍵是:要對(duì)構(gòu)成虛擬語(yǔ)氣的詞、詞組和句型比較敏感。
三. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成式:
can / may / should / ought to / must / need等動(dòng)詞稱為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有三大特征:一是無(wú)人稱和數(shù)的變化,二是后面跟的動(dòng)詞不帶"to",三是后面 + not構(gòu)成否定式,比較:
He needn't go there so early. (他不需要去那么早。- 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)
You do not need to be an expert to make this simple design. (這么簡(jiǎn)單的設(shè)計(jì)不一定非要老師來(lái)做。- 動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞)
在講解"情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式"前,先將一般式中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題提一下,以引起必要的重視。
1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一般式中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題:
注意以下用法的習(xí)慣與區(qū)別:
He must be a doctor. (他準(zhǔn)是個(gè)醫(yī)生。)
否定:He can't be a doctor. (他不會(huì)是個(gè)醫(yī)生。- 注意:一般不用must' be )
又如:They can't be working now.(現(xiàn)在他們不可能在工作。)
May I go now?
回答:Yes, please. / Please don't. (或:No, you mustn't)
have to 與 must
1) 當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)"外界原因"時(shí),2)當(dāng)與"將來(lái)時(shí)"結(jié)合時(shí),用have to,
例如:
Since it is raining, we have to sty indoors.
You will have to hurry if you want to catch the 9:30 train. (你要是趕9:30的火車(chē),得趕緊。)
3) 表示自然規(guī)律或必然結(jié)果,用must,
例如:
All men must die. (人固有一死。)
can 與be able to
can表示能力,但不一定做了或做成了;be able to 表示有能力并且做成了,相當(dāng)于succeed in doing, 例如:
The patient is able to walk now. (說(shuō)明病人原來(lái)是喪失了走的能力的,現(xiàn)在自己能走了)
The patient can walk now. (可能的情況是,病人是能走的,但醫(yī)生不讓他走,如急性心梗后醫(yī)生不讓病人走動(dòng)。)
Shall I / we(第一人稱)…? 表示征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn);(第二、三人稱) + shall…表示"允諾"或"警告,例如:
Shall I fetch a doctor for you? (要我為你請(qǐng)個(gè)醫(yī)生來(lái)嗎?)
You shall be sorry for what you have done. (你會(huì)為你所做的事后悔的。)
Will you….? 表示請(qǐng)求, 例如:
Don't' be late for the meeting next time, will you? (下次開(kāi)會(huì)別遲到了,好嗎?)
比較:I would remind you that smoking is forbidden here. (表示"婉轉(zhuǎn)的建議或請(qǐng)求":我想提醒你,這里不能抽煙。)
needn't 的肯定式為must,例如:
You needn't see him, but I must. (你不必去看他,但我得去。)
cannot but + 原形動(dòng)詞(意思相當(dāng)于have to), 例如:
I cannot but tell you the truth. (我不得不給你說(shuō)實(shí)話。)
2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成式:
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般式用于表達(dá)"現(xiàn)在"或"將來(lái)"的情況,而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成式則用來(lái)表達(dá)"已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情",例如:"你不應(yīng)該來(lái)得那么晚。"這是對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情(你來(lái)晚了)表示自己的看法:You shouldn't have come so late.
將常用、??嫉膸讉€(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式列表說(shuō)明如下:
must (not) have done表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情的"判斷",中文常表達(dá)為:"準(zhǔn)是…"It must have rained last night; the ground is wet.(昨晚準(zhǔn)是下雨了,地上濕漉漉的。)
should (not) have done / ought (not) to have done表示"事與愿違",中文常表達(dá)為:"(不)該…","本(不)該…"The baby was cut badly; she shouldn't (oughtn't to) have let him play with the scissors. (孩子傷得很厲害;她不該讓他玩剪刀。)
may / can (not) have done表示"本(不)可能" She may have known the news; she is crying. (她可能已經(jīng)知道那個(gè)消息了;她在哭。)
need (not) have done表示"本(不)需要"You needn't have bought that dictionary; I have got a spare one. (你實(shí)際上沒(méi)有必要買(mǎi)那本字典;我有一本多余的。)
由于在沒(méi)有情景的情況下很難區(qū)分情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一般式和完成式,例如"你不該去",究竟是You shouldn't go there. 還是 You shouldn't have gone there, 因此考試的時(shí)候往往會(huì)給出情景,這對(duì)判題非常重要,如上面表格例子中的"the ground is wet","the baby was cut badly","she is crying", 都是題目所給的情景。
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