2014年職稱英語(yǔ)(理工類)教材概括大意文章及譯文11
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The Tiniest Electric Motor in the World
1 Scientists recently made public the tiniest electric motor ever1 built. You could stuff hundreds of them into the period at the end of this sentence. One day a similar engine might power a tiny mechanical doctor that would travel through your body to remove your disease.
2 The motor works by shuffling atoms between two molten metal droplets in a carbon nanotube. One droplet is even smaller than the other. When a small electric current is applied to the droplets, atoms slowly get out of the larger droplet and join the smaller one. The small droplet grows ― but never gets as big as the other droplet and eventually bumps into the large droplet. As they touch, the large droplet rapidly sops up the atoms it had previously lost. This quick shift in energy produces a power stroke.2
3 The technique exploits the fact that surface tension ― the tendency of atoms or molecules to resist separating ― becomes more important at small scales3. Surface tension is the same thing that allows some insects to walk on water.
4 Although the amount of energy produced is small ― 20 microwatts ― it is quite impressive in relation to the tiny scale of the motor4. The whole setup5 is less than 200 nanometers on a side, or hundreds of times smaller than the width of a human hair. If it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine6, it would be 100 million times more powerful than a Toyota Camry's 225 horsepower V6 engine.
5 In 1988, Professor Richard Muller and colleagues made the first operating micromotor, which was 100 microns across7, or about the thickness of a human hair. In 2003, Zettl's group created the first nanoscale motor. In 2006, they built a nanoconveyor, which moves tiny particles along like cars in a factory.
6 Nanotechnology engineers try to mimic nature, building things atom-by-atom. Among other things, nanomotors could be used in optical circuits to redirect light, a process called optical switching. Futurists envision a day when nanomachines, powered by nanomotors, travel inside your body to find disease and repair damaged cells.
詞匯:
shuffle來(lái)回運(yùn)動(dòng) molten 溶化的 droplet 小滴
nanoconveyor 納米傳送帶 bump 碰撞 sop 吸入
microwatt 微瓦 nanomachine 納米機(jī)器 nanometer 納米,微毫米
micromotor 微電機(jī) nanotube 納米管
nanotechnology 納米技術(shù)
mimic 模仿 stroke 行程,沖程 nanomotor 納米發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)
注釋:
1.ever:比以往任何時(shí)候,曾經(jīng)。如:This is the best book I have ever read.這是我讀過(guò)的書中最好的一本。
2.power stroke:動(dòng)力行程
3.at small scales:在小等級(jí)上。這里指的是“在納米等級(jí)上”。
4.it is quite impressive in relation to the tiny scale of the motor:與電動(dòng)機(jī)的小等級(jí)相比,功率是相當(dāng)可觀了。in relation to是“與……相比”。如:The city is quite large in relation to its
population.就人口而言,這個(gè)城市相當(dāng)?shù)拇蟆?/P>
5.setup:裝置。這里指nanomotor。
6.If it could be scaled up to the size of an automobile engine:如果納米電動(dòng)機(jī)能按比例放大到汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的尺寸。scale ... up to是“把……按比例放大到……”。
7.across:從一端到另一端
練習(xí):
1.Paragraph 2 _____
2.Paragraph 4 _____
3.Paragraph 5 _____
4.Paragraph 6 _____
A An Introduction of a Toyota's 225 Horsepower V6 Engine
B A Description of the Nanomotor in Terms of Power and Size
C Surface Tension
D Previous Inventions of Nanoscale Products
E The Working Principle of the Nanomotor
F Possible Fields of Application in the Future
5.Doctors envision that the nanomotor would travel through human bodies to _____.
6.Surface tension means the tendency of atoms or molecules to _____.
7.Nanoconveyors could be used to _____.
8.Applying a small electric current causes atoms to _____.
A remove disease
B resist separating
C shuffle between two molten metal droplets
D power nanomachines
E sop up molecules from the large droplet
F transport nanoscale objects
答案與題解:
1.E 第二段介紹了納米發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的工作原理。兩小滴金屬熔液通上微弱電流,大的小滴的原子就會(huì)緩慢逸出,加入小的小滴,后者體積不斷增大,到一定階段,就會(huì)與前者碰撞,這時(shí),大的小滴便奪回它失去的原子,這就是一次power stroke(動(dòng)力行程,動(dòng)力沖程),此時(shí)就會(huì)產(chǎn)生發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力。原子如此來(lái)來(lái)去去運(yùn)動(dòng),就像發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)活塞一樣。這就是納米發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的工作原理。所以,E是答案。
2.B 第四段描述了納米發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的功率(20微瓦)和體積(200納米)。選項(xiàng)B用“A description of the nanomotor in terms of power and size”概括本段大意,很準(zhǔn)確,所以B是答案。
3.D 第五段介紹了發(fā)明納米發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)之前的一些納米等級(jí)的機(jī)械產(chǎn)品,如體積大一些的納米發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),微型發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),納米傳送帶,納米機(jī)器等。選項(xiàng)D概括了本段的大意,所以是答案。
4.F 第六段預(yù)想了納米發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的用途,如用于光電路以改變光的方向(redirect light)和驅(qū)動(dòng)納米機(jī)器進(jìn)入人體,消滅病灶。選項(xiàng)F是答案,因?yàn)椤癙ossible fields of application in the future”概括了本段的大意。
5.A 答案是A。題干出現(xiàn)doctors envision,選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容應(yīng)與醫(yī)學(xué)有關(guān),選項(xiàng)A是remove disease,正好與題干的內(nèi)容相配,是答案。短文第一段和最后一段也提到納米發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)入人體消滅病灶的可能性,證明選A是正確的。
6.B 選B的依據(jù)是第三段第一句“surface tension―the tendency of atoms or molecules to resist separating―becomes more important at small scales”。
7.F 題干的nanoconveyor提示我們,納米傳送帶的功能自然是傳送納米等級(jí)的物體,所以F是答案。
8.C 題干的Applying a small electric current ...在第二段能找到,該段講的是納米發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的工作原理。如果了解原子在兩小滴金屬熔液中來(lái)回運(yùn)動(dòng),產(chǎn)生動(dòng)力,就會(huì)知道C是答案。
譯文:世界上最小的電動(dòng)機(jī)
最近科學(xué)家公布了現(xiàn)有的最小的電動(dòng)機(jī)。就是在一個(gè)句號(hào)里,上百個(gè)這樣的電動(dòng)機(jī)也能來(lái)回地運(yùn)動(dòng)。將來(lái)有一天,類似的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)也許能夠?yàn)橐粋€(gè)機(jī)械醫(yī)生提供動(dòng)力,在人的身體里自由移動(dòng),治療疾病。
發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)通過(guò)碳納米管中的原子在兩小滴金屬溶液間的來(lái)回運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)行工作。其中一個(gè)小滴甚至比另一個(gè)還要小。當(dāng)微弱的電流通過(guò)時(shí),大一點(diǎn)的小滴金屬溶液中的原子就會(huì)緩慢逸出,進(jìn)入小一點(diǎn)的小滴。這樣,后者體積不斷增大――但決不會(huì)大到和前者一樣――最后,與大一點(diǎn)的小滴金屬溶液相撞。當(dāng)他們接觸時(shí),大的小滴便奪回它失去的原子。能量這樣迅速地來(lái)回運(yùn)動(dòng)就產(chǎn)生一次動(dòng)力沖程。
這項(xiàng)技術(shù)利用了表面張力的原理――原子或分子有不愿被分開的傾向――這在納米等級(jí)上更加重要。表面張力同樣也使某些昆蟲能在水上行走。
雖然這樣產(chǎn)生的能量很少――只有 20微瓦,但與電動(dòng)機(jī)的小等級(jí)相比,功率也是相當(dāng)可觀了。整個(gè)裝置的體積不到 200納米,比起人類一根頭發(fā)的寬度,它要小幾百倍。如果納米電動(dòng)機(jī)能按比例放大到汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的尺寸,它將會(huì)比豐田凱美瑞的 225馬力的 V6引擎還要大 1億倍。
1988年,理查德?烏勒教授和他的同事發(fā)明了第一臺(tái)微型發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī), 100微米長(zhǎng),或者說(shuō)有一根頭發(fā)那么粗。 2003年,澤特爾的小組制造出第一臺(tái)納米級(jí)的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。 2006年,他們又造出了納米傳送帶,能夠像工廠里傳送汽車那樣移動(dòng)極小的粒子。
納米技術(shù)的工程師盡力去模擬自然,用一個(gè)個(gè)原子來(lái)制造物體。在這些事物當(dāng)中,納米發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)能夠被用于光電路來(lái)改變光的方向,該過(guò)程被稱為光學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換。未來(lái)主義者預(yù)想有一天,被納米發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的納米機(jī)器能在人體內(nèi)移動(dòng),發(fā)現(xiàn)疾病并修復(fù)被破壞的細(xì)胞。
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