2014年職稱英語(綜合類)教材閱讀理解文章及譯文14

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　　綜合類-閱讀理解　

　　Sleep

　　We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity1 is of some 7-8 hours' sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours' wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness2. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.

　　The question is no mere academic one.3 The case, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness，sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately，it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 am one week, 8 am to 4 pm the next, and 4 pm to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another4，so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.

　　One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. Recent research by Bonjer of the Netherlands, however, has shown that people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend5 and that this is quite enough to destroy any adaptation to night work built up during the week.

　　The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers6 whose nocturnal wakefulness7 may persist through all weekends and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep, digestive disorder and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts，but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work.

　　詞匯：

　　alternate 交替，輪換 wakefulness 醒著，不睡

　　coincide 同時發(fā)生;一致, 相符

　　modify 改變，修改，修飾;緩 和，減輕

　　automation .自動化 insistently 堅持地，執(zhí)拗地;迫切地，急切地 reverse 使顛倒,使倒轉(zhuǎn) routine 常規(guī)，例行公事

　　revert 恢復，回復

　　corps 共同工作或活動的一群人;特種部隊，特殊軍種

　　permanent 永久的，持久的 nocturnal 夜間發(fā)生的，夜間 活動的

　　incidence .發(fā)生(率) digestive 消化的，助 消化的

　　disruption 混亂，分裂，崩演 abnormal 反常的，變態(tài)的

　　occurrence 發(fā)生，出現(xiàn);(偶發(fā)性)事件

　　symptom 表征，征病征， 癥狀

　　注釋：

　　1.the normal human daily cycle of activity ：人們每天正?；顒拥闹芷?/P>

　　2.the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness:睡目民通常與黑夜時間重疊

　　3.The question is no mere academic one.這不僅僅是一個簡單的學術問題。，

　　4.This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another：這就 意味著丨他剛剛習慣了一種方式又不得不改為另一種。此句中的no sooner... than...是倒 裝結構。no sooner +主語助動詞倒裝結構(has he...)的意思是“一……就……”。如:1 had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.我剛到家天就下雨了?？梢钥闯?，只有當 no sooner放在句首位置時，“主語-助動詞”這一序列才發(fā)生變化。

　　5.people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend:在周末，按照這些體制工作的人會恢復他們通常的睡眠和清醒的習慣。

　　6.a corps of permanent night workers:―隊長期上晚班的工人

　　7.nocturnal wakefulness ：夜間不眠

　　練習：

　　1. The question raised in Paragraph 1 is "no mere academic one"

　　A because Bonjer's findings are different from Brown's.

　　B because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.

　　C because some people can change their sleeping habits easily.

　　D because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.

　　2.According to the passage, the main problem about night work is that

　　A people hate the inconvenience of working on night shifts.

　　B your life is disturbed by changing from day to night routines and back.

　　C not all industries work at the same hours.

　　D it is difficult to find a corps of good night workers.

　　3.According to the passage, the best solution to the problem seems to be

　　A not to change shifts from one week to the next.

　　B to make periods on each shift longer.

　　C to employ people who will always work at night.

　　D to find ways of selecting people who adapt quickly.

　　4.In the second paragraph, “ the third" means

　　A the third week.

　　B the third shift.

　　C a third of the time.

　　D the third routine.

　　5.In the last sentence of the second paragraph, ”another" means

　　A another routine.

　　B another shift.

　　C another week.

　　D another person.

　　答案與題解：

　　1.D根據(jù)上下文，睡眠周期不僅僅是一個學術性的問題。由于工作的需要要求人們改變睡眠 習慣o所以D是答案o

　　2.B i章的第二段^介紹°了工作三班倒的情況。工人們常常每周變換工作時間，這樣就影響了 他們的正常睡眠周期，所以這是主要的問題所在。

　　3.C文章最后一段第一句說:The only real solution...(唯一真正解決問題的方法……)，之 后提到由一隊長期上夜班的工人來擔負夜班工作，這樣別的工人就可以上正常班，而夜班工 人不用因常變換工作時間來調(diào)節(jié)自己的睡眠周期。

　　4.A第二段中的the third根據(jù)上下文是the third week。跟形容詞最高級一樣(如：the most beautiful [ woman])，序數(shù)詞后面的名詞常可省略。又如:the fourth (day) of May。

　　5.A another (另一個)之后省略了 routine 一詞。

　　譯文：睡眠

　　我們都知道人們每天正?；顒拥闹芷谑谴蠹s7～8小時的睡眠與大約16 ~17小時的清醒狀態(tài) 相交替。而且，一般說來，睡眠通常與黑夜的長短相一致。我們目前關心的是要改變這一周期可以有多簡單，并且可以改變到何種程度。

　　這不僅僅是一個簡單的學術問題。例如,在需要機器24小時連續(xù)工作的自動化操作的工業(yè)生 產(chǎn)中，使人們從白天工作變?yōu)橥砩瞎ぷ髯兊迷絹碓街匾恕ＭǔＲ粋€人需要五天至一周的時間來適 應與常規(guī)生活顛倒的睡眠時間和清醒時間，即白天睡覺，晚上工作。不幸的是,在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，工作 班次每星期都變換的事經(jīng)常發(fā)生：如一個人第一星期要從午夜12點工作到上午8點，下一個星期從 上午8點工作到下午4點，第三個星期又從下午4點工作到午夜12點等等。這就意味著，他剛剛習 慣了一種方式又不得不改為另一種。因此，他的很多工作和休息時間都不能得到高效率的利用。

　　讓每一班次都維持較長一段時間，一個月，甚至三個月，這似乎是一種解決方法。然而，荷蘭人邦杰近來的研究結果表明，按照這些體制工作的人在周末會恢復他們通常的睡眠和清醒的習慣。 而這已足夠破壞其一周以來培養(yǎng)起來的對夜晚工作的適應性。

　　唯一真正的解決方法看來是將晚班交給一組在所有周末和假日里都能保持夜間不困的長期上 晚班的人。布朗曾做過一個關于上晚班的工人的家庭生活和健康狀況的有趣的研究。她發(fā)現(xiàn)在 那些早晚班換來換去的人群中，失眠、消化系統(tǒng)紊亂和家庭分裂有較高的發(fā)生率，但是在那些長期上 晚班的人中這種反常征兆卻沒有。

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