蟑螂有關(guān)免疫系統(tǒng)、感官知覺(jué)、解毒、生長(zhǎng)和繁殖的基因組十分龐大，這解釋了它們?yōu)楹慰梢源婊钣诟鞣N各樣的環(huán)境中以及為何難以被殺死。
The second-largest genome ever sequenced belongs to a small but fascinating creature. Called “xiao qiang” or “little mighty” in China, the American cockroach has a genome larger than that of humans.
人類目前測(cè)序完畢的第二大基因組屬于一種神奇的小生物。它叫做美洲大蠊，在中國(guó)被稱為“小強(qiáng)”，其基因組比人類的還要龐大。
It’s genetic code holds the secrets to how these insects can survive on so many different types of food and in such unfriendly habitats, or even how it can survive for a week without a head and grow replacement limbs.
這種昆蟲(chóng)如何以各色食物維生，如何在惡劣環(huán)境下生存，又是如何在沒(méi)有頭的情況下存活一周并長(zhǎng)出新的肢體?這一切奧秘都隱藏在其遺傳密碼之中。
Researchers at South China Normal University in Guangzhou sequenced the genome of the hardy insect and published their findings in Nature Communications last week.
廣州華南師范大學(xué)(分?jǐn)?shù)線,專業(yè)設(shè)置)的研究人員對(duì)這種頑強(qiáng)昆蟲(chóng)的基因組進(jìn)行了測(cè)序，并把研究成果發(fā)表在了上周的《自然通訊》(Nature Communications)上。
They found that the groups of genes related to the immune system, sensory perception, detoxification, and growth and reproduction were all enlarged, helping to explain how cockroaches are able to live in so many different environments — and why it’s so hard to kill them.
他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，蟑螂有關(guān)免疫系統(tǒng)、感官知覺(jué)、解毒、生長(zhǎng)和繁殖的基因組十分龐大，這解釋了它們?yōu)楹慰梢源婊钣诟鞣N各樣的環(huán)境中——以及為何難以被殺死。
“It’s a tiny pest, but has very strong vitality,” Sheng Li, the lead author of the paper and entomology professor, told the New York Times.
昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)家、論文的第一作者李勝在接受《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》(New York Times)采訪時(shí)表示：“這種昆蟲(chóng)很小，卻有很強(qiáng)的生命力。”
Since sequencing the first human genome, which took more than a decade and nearly $2.7 billion, medical researchers have found ways to make organisms resistant to disease. Also, CRISPR technology has moved the medical field toward cheap and and easy DNA editing.
自花費(fèi)十余年時(shí)間、耗資近27億美元對(duì)人類基因組首次測(cè)序以來(lái)，醫(yī)學(xué)研究人員就找到了賦予生物體抗病能力的途徑。此外，CRISPR(規(guī)律成簇的間隔短回文重復(fù))技術(shù)也推動(dòng)著醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域向廉價(jià)和簡(jiǎn)便的DNA編輯方面發(fā)展。
Scientists are looking to species like the American cockroach to learn about how traits that make them incredible adapters and stubborn survivalists are encoded in their DNA. Compared to other insects, the American cockroach genome is larger than any known genome sequence except locusts.
科學(xué)家正在研究美洲大蠊等物種，探究那些讓它們適應(yīng)性和生命力如此強(qiáng)大的性狀在DNA中的編碼方式。除了蝗蟲(chóng)以外，美洲大蠊的基因組比其他任何已知昆蟲(chóng)的基因組都要龐大。
Here are a variety of ways this information about roaches can help humans:
蟑螂的基因信息可以從以下幾個(gè)方面幫助人類：
Safety
安全
The researchers found that American cockroaches have more than 1,000 genes that help them read chemical cues in their environment.
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，美洲大蠊擁有超過(guò)1,000個(gè)基因幫助它們辨識(shí)環(huán)境中的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。
More than 300 of these genes relate to sensing bitter tastes, giving cockroaches plenty of information about which foods are and are not safe to eat. The bugs also have genes that allow them to withstand toxic environments and a higher number of enzymes that break down toxins in addition to their stronger immune systems.
其中超過(guò)300個(gè)基因都與苦味感受相關(guān)，蟑螂可以借此獲取大量有關(guān)食物是否安全的信息。還有一些基因可以幫助它們抵御有毒環(huán)境，產(chǎn)生大量分解毒素的酶類，并強(qiáng)化免疫系統(tǒng)。
Pest Control
害蟲(chóng)防治
The genes that show why cockroaches are so hardy also give clues about how to get rid of them.
這些基因在體現(xiàn)蟑螂頑強(qiáng)生命力的同時(shí)，也可以讓人類找出擺脫它們的方式。
Scientists manipulated more than 20 genes related to the immune system, reproductive system, and development, revealing damaging effects on the insects. This could show a path toward creating new pest control methods, similar to the genetically embedded insecticides Monsanto has developed.
科學(xué)家修改了這些昆蟲(chóng)有關(guān)免疫系統(tǒng)、生殖和發(fā)育系統(tǒng)的超過(guò)20個(gè)基因，給它們帶來(lái)了毀滅性的影響。這為害蟲(chóng)防治開(kāi)辟了新的道路，類似于孟山都(Monsanto)開(kāi)發(fā)的基因嵌入式殺蟲(chóng)劑。
Healing Properties
自愈特性
The American cockroach will regenerate lost limbs. By amputating limbs during their research and monitoring their regrowth, scientists found that genes in the cockroach’s DNA prompt healing and regeneration.
美洲大蠊可以再生失去的肢體。科學(xué)家在試驗(yàn)中切掉了它們的肢體，觀察了再生過(guò)程，發(fā)現(xiàn)蟑螂的DNA會(huì)促進(jìn)愈合和再生。
Cockroaches have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating cuts and burns, but researchers will study how the insects generate new tissue in hopes of unlocking future medical applications for humans.
在傳統(tǒng)中藥里，蟑螂一直被用于治療割傷和燒傷，但研究人員將進(jìn)一步探索這些昆蟲(chóng)如何產(chǎn)生新的組織，希望借此開(kāi)辟人類醫(yī)療上的新未來(lái)。
“We’ve uncovered the secret of why people call it ‘xiao qiang,’ ” Li said. “Now we want to know the secrets of Chinese medicine.”
李勝表示：“我們知道了它得名‘小強(qiáng)’的秘密，現(xiàn)在我們希望發(fā)掘中藥里的秘密。”
Social Behaviors
社會(huì)行為
By studying cockroaches and termites, scientists hope to uncover the genetic origins of eusociality, which causes organisms to work together and cooperate in dividing labor.
科學(xué)家希望通過(guò)研究蟑螂和白蟻，發(fā)掘昆蟲(chóng)社會(huì)性——即它們進(jìn)行分工合作——的遺傳來(lái)源。
Termites, which recent research shows are more closely related to cockroaches than originally thought, developed this trait much earlier than insects like bees and ants.
通過(guò)最近的研究，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)白蟻與蟑螂的關(guān)系較以往所認(rèn)為的更近，它們比蜜蜂和螞蟻等昆蟲(chóng)更早演化出了這一特性。
